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1

Heavy metal deposition through precipitation in Kazakhstan //

Cherednichenko, V.S., Cherednichenko, A.V., Cherednichenko, A.V., Zheksenbaeva, A.K., Madibekov, A.S.

2021

Heliyon

The active development of industry, primarily mining and metallurgical, as well as energy, is accompanied by significant emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. We collected data and analyzed the intake of heavy metals (HM) of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) in precipitation (wet deposition) on typical natural Kazakhstan ecosystems. The average Pb, Cu, As and Cd wet deposition was 3.80 ± 1.52, 16.11 ± 1.48, 0.96 ± 0.84 and 0.88 ± 0.44 μg/L, respectively, with a large variation among the different sites of Kazakhstan. In addition, we identified the most significant industrial areas in the republic and determined the concentrations of the listed metals in the precipitation for each of them. The relationship between these concentrations and industrial activity in the regions, and the presence of a mutual correlation between them were also investigated. We obtained that the atmospheric deposition of Pb, Cu and As were higher in the central industrial areas (Dzhezkazgan, Balkhash), as well as in the south (Chimkent) and in the east (Ust-Kamenogorsk), where large mining and metallurgical enterprises are located. In these cities, there are high concentrations of pollutants (PS) in the atmosphere, exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) by several times. Significant sedimentation of pollutants, primarily HM, is noted, adversely affecting soils and surface runoff. The total deposition of heavy metals on snow cover was determined. We obtained that the average total deposition for Pb, Cu, As and Cd was 4.4 ± 1.28, 20.6 ± 1.43, 3.23 ± 0.81 and 1.03 ± 0.47 μg/L. Calculations performed for comparable time intervals showed that dry deposition is two to five times greater than wet deposition and the smaller the precipitation in the region, the greater the dry deposition, ceteris paribus. At the level of climate assessments, it is shown that there is a transboundary transfer of heavy metals from both the territory of Kazakhstan from the territory of Russia. Heavy metals, Wet and dry deposition, Precipitation and snow cover, Ecological regions and ecosystems.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098788174&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

2

The hydrochemistry and water quality of glacierized catchments in Central Asia: A review of the current status and anticipated change

Yapiyev V.,Wade A.J., Shahgedanova M., Saidaliyeva Z., Madibekov A., Severskiy I.

2021

Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies

Study region: Glacierized catchments in Central Asia Study focus: The literature on hydrochemistry and water quality was reviewed to identify gaps in knowledge required to understand and quantify the impacts of climate change and deglacierization. New hydrological insights for the region: The main knowledge gap was the characterization of hydrochemistry and water quality along the elevation continuum from glaciers to arid plains. The chemical composition of snow and glacier ice are understood relatively well but the pathways of pollutants stored in glacier ice and released with melt into the aquatic systems are not researched. There is a lack of publications on the release of organic carbon following deglacierization and element leaching from the exposed substrate, permafrost and rock glaciers. Snow and glacial melt dilutes pollutants along the river channels, reducing concentrations and mostly ensuring the compliance with water quality standards including downstream locations. Poor surface water quality is associated with irrigation, the practice of soil washing, and discharge of the untreated sewage. There is a notable lack of information about the links between snow and glacier melt, aquifer recharge and groundwater quality and this is a major gap in knowledge affecting environmental and health protection. Better understanding and quantification of factors and processes controlling hydrochemistry and water quality is needed to adapt to the impacts of the imminent deglacierization.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118846886&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

3

Climate change and food security: The impact of some key variables on wheat yield in Kazakhstan

Stanislav E. Shmelev, Vitaliy Salnikov,

Galina Turulina, Svetlana Polyakova, Tamara Tazhibayeva, Tobias Schnitzler,

Irina A. Shmeleva

2021

Sustainability (Switzerland)

In such drought-prone regions as Kazakhstan, research on regional drought characteristics and their formation conditions is of paramount importance for actions to mitigate drought risks caused by climate change. This paper presents the results of research on the spatio-temporal pat-terns of atmospheric droughts as one of the most important factors hindering the formation of crop yields. The influence of several potential predictors characterizing teleconnection in the coupled “atmosphere–ocean” system and cosmic-geophysical factors affecting their formation is analyzed. The spatial relationships between atmospheric aridity at the individual stations of the investigated area and the wheat yield in Kazakhstan as well as its relationships with potential predictors were determined using econometric methods. High correlation was shown between wheat yield fluctua-tions and Multivariate El-Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), galactic cosmic radiation, solar activ-ity, and atmospheric drought expressed through the soil moisture index, which in turn depends on precipitation levels and temperatures. The model could be modified further so that the individual components could be forecasted into the future using various time series in an ARIMA model. The resulting integration of these forecasts would allow the prediction of wheat yields in the future. The obtained results can be used in the process of creating effective mechanisms for adaptation to climate change and droughts based on their early diagnosis.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85112589230&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

4

Influence of climate change and anthropogenic factors on the Ile River basin streamflow, Kazakhstan

Talipova, E.,

Shrestha, S.,

Alimkulov, S., Nyssanbayeva A.S.,

Tursunova, A.,

Isakan, G.

2021

Arabian Journal of Geosciences,

The article considers modern change in the streamflow resources of the Ile River basin that conjugates territories of the two countries, China and Kazakhstan, with the account of climatic and anthropogenic influences. The main goal of the authors is to study long-term trends of changes in the streamflow with the account of climatic and anthropogenic load in order to develop scientifically based strategies for sustainable management and protection of the Ile-Balkhash basin water resources. The current change in streamflow with the account of climate change was estimated using the linear trend coefficient, the Mann-Kendall test, and Sen slope estimator. The results show that intense warming occurs unevenly and most of all, it became warmer at the meteorological stations located in the Ile River delta at the Kuygan, Bakanas stations for more than 0.40 °С/10 years (1974–2015), and also at the Almaty MS, the maximum warming was noted at the rate of 0.04 °С/10 years (before 1973) up to 0.52 °С/10 years (1974–2015), and therefore since 1973, there has been a phase of increased water content in the region, in addition to some stations located in the flat part of the basin.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85112452929&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

5

The economic evaluation of water ecosystem services in urban planning in Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan

Utepov A.,

Jumabayev S.,

Skakova A.,

Salmanova R., Kuandykov N.

2021

Public Policy and Administration

With the positive and negative consequences of rapid global urbanization, the main task of the state is to ensure the long-term quality of life of its citizens. Currently, reforms undertaken by post-Soviet states aimed at environment-related projects are facing increasing resistance and protest from local populations. In 2020, the authors of this paper carried out a study on the Maly Taldykol lake group, located in the south-western planning region of Nur-Sultan. The purpose of this work was to conduct an assessment of ecosystem services to inform effective management decisions in urban planning. A strategy of combined research methods was applied. Because of the lack of data, the challenge was to explain, summarize, and verify the data obtained by one method through the application of another method. Analysis of the data showed that the annual costs associated with the creation of artificial “islands of nature” through the expansion of green areas is 20 times less than the losses associated with the development of the territory of Maloe Taldykol and the consequential loss of natural landscape. The results revealed that keeping these ecosystem services in their natural setting reduces the cost of providing these services in an alternative way, and avoids the negative impact of an ill-conceived decision. The uniqueness of this interdisciplinary study lies in the cost-benefit analysis of the findings of the assessment of ecosystem services, which result in the most effective management decisions in urban planning. © 2021 Mykolas Riomeris University. All rights reserved.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85115435126&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

6

Assessment of Changes in Mass Balance of the Tuyuksu Group of Glaciers, Northern Tien Shan, Between 1958 and 2016 Using Ground-Based Observations and Pléiades Satellite Imagery

Kapitsa V.,

Shahgedanova M.

Severskiy I.,

Kasatkin N.,

White K.

Usmanova Z.

2020

Frontiers in Earth Science

Continuous measurements of glaciological mass balance have been conducted at the Central Tuyuksu glacier, Tuyuksu group of glaciers, Ile Alatau, northern Tien Shan since 1957, showing that cumulative mass balance was negative since the 1970s. Geodetic mass balance was calculated for the 1958–1998 and 1998–2016 periods using multi-temporal digital elevation models derived from the historic photogrammetric surveys from 1958 and 1998 and the high-resolution Pléiades satellite stereo imagery from 2016. The geodetic measurements revealed a mean surface lowering of 23.2 ± 2.2 m (0.40 ± 0.04 m a–1) and a reduction in volume of (67.7 ± 6.7) × 106 m3 in 1958–2016 at the Central Tuyuksu glacier, yielding a geodetic mass balance of −21.8 ± 2.6 m w.e. Similar trends were observed at other glaciers of the Tuyuksu group, which lost in total 83.4 × 106 m3 of ice. The mass balance annual rates have not changed significantly from 1958–1998 (−0.39 ± 0.05 m w.e. a−1) to 1998–2016 (−0.35 ± 0.18 m w.e. a−1) at the Central Tuyuksu and at other glaciers of the Tuyuksu group whose maximum elevations exceed 4,000 m a.s.l. While glacier thinning intensified in the ablation zone and affected a larger area in 1998–2016, extending to 3,600–3,700 m a.s.l., the accumulation increased at higher elevations in 1998–2016. Geodetic mass balance was more negative in 1998–2016 than in 1958–1998 at the smaller glaciers with lower maximum elevations. At the Central Tuyuksu, the geodetic mass balance was in close agreement with the glaciological mass balance, particularly in 1958–1998 when the difference between the geodetic and the cumulative glaciological mass balance values did not exceed 5%. During 1998–2016, this difference increased to 14%, with the glaciological method producing a more negative mass balance. This discrepancy was attributed to a systematic bias introduced by the lack of stakes in the accumulation zone of Central Tuyuksu whose contribution to uncertainty increased in 1998–2016 in line with an increase in accumulation. The negative mass balance of the Tuyuksu group of glaciers was attributed to a continuing increase in summer temperatures and a low accumulation observed in the 1970–1980s and at the turn of the century.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089336439&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

7

Emptying water towers? Impacts of future climate and glacier change on river discharge in the northern Tien Shan, Central Asia

Shahgedanova, M., Afzal, M.,

Hagg, W.,

Kapitsa, V.,

Kasatkin, N.,

Mayr, E.,

Rybak, O., Saidaliyeva, Z., Severskiy, I., Usmanova, Z., Wade, A.,

Yaitskaya, N.,

Zhumabayev, D.

2020

Water

Impacts of projected climate and glacier change on river discharge in five glacierized catchments in the northern Tien Shan, Kazakhstan are investigated using a conceptual hydrological modelHBV-ETH. Regional climate model PRECIS driven by four different GCM-scenario combinations (HadGEM2.6, HadGEM8.5, A1B using HadCM3Q0 and ECHAM5) is used to develop climate projections. Future changes in glaciation are assessed using the Blatter-Pattyn type higher-order 3D coupled ice flow and mass balance model. All climate scenarios show statistically significant warming in the 21st Century. Neither projects statistically significant change in annual precipitation although HadGEM and HadCM3Q0-driven scenarios show 20-37% reduction in July-August precipitation in 2076-2095 in comparison with 1980-2005. Glaciers are projected to retreat rapidly until the 2050s and stabilize afterwards except under the HadGEM8.5 scenario where retreat continues. Glaciers are projected to lose 38-50% of their volume and 34-39% of their area. Total river discharge in July-August, is projected to decline in catchments with low (2-4%) glacierization by 20-37%. In catchments with high glacierization (16% and over), no significant changes in summer discharge are expected while spring discharge is projected to increase. In catchments with medium glacierization (10-12%), summer discharge is expected to decline under the less aggressive scenarios while flow is sustained under the most aggressive HadGEM8.5 scenario, which generates stronger melt.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082726433&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

8

Towards a low-carbon economic sustainable development: Scenarios and policies for kazakhstan

Saimova S.,

Makenova G.,

Skakova A., Moldagaliyeva A.,

Beisembinova A.,

Berdiyarova Z.,

Imanbekova B.

2020

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy

This paper analyses analysis current and future dependence of agriculture, industry, oil and gas sector on water supply in Kazakhstan under varying socioeconomic and climate change scenarios. To conduct the scenarios analysis, a multiple linear model was used; the model has been widely used to examine complex water systems in the water resource planning sector all around the world. The paper results show that by 2050 total water demand under normal weather conditions could increase from 20188.62 m3 in 2015 to 23010.18 m3 under sustainable use scenario, to 26794.85 m3 under current trends (CT) baseline scenario, and up to 30220.46 m3 under the more resource intensive scenario, however, the future water demand may be affected by environmental changes. The largest change (relative to the CT scenario) in total demand of 32413.18 m3 would result from the combined effect of the temperature increase and decrease in precipitation. More than 55% of this change would be in agriculture sector. Through exploring water scenarios, this paper could assist Kazakhstani resource managers and policymakers in designing more effective eco-environment management plans and strategies in the face of climate change. © 2020, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089583768&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

9

The possibility to applying simulated series for compile scenario forecasting river runoff

Davletgaliev, S.K., Alimkulov, S.K., Talipova, E.K.

2020

Environmental Earth Sciences

The work shows the possibility of jointed simulation of monthly runoff, precipitation and air temperature with the method of canonical expansion. The method allows to save average runoff values, variability indexes and asymmetry coefficients as well as autocorrelation and intercorrelation coefficients. Simulated values of flow-forming factors can be used to compile scenario forecasts of monthly runoff hydrographs based on meteorological factors.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089541994&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

10

Using the digital elevation model (DEM) and coastlines for satellite monitoring of small reservoir filling

Terekhov A.,

Makarenko N.,

Pak A.,

Abayev N.

2020

Cogent Engineering

Satellite remote sensing of near real-time reservoir filling has important implications for the monitoring of territorial hydrological resources. These tasks are particularly relevant for reservoirs whose ground hydrological characteristics are not accessible. The monitoring of reservoir filling demands bathymetric data or satellite altimetry. However, bathymetry and satellite altimetry data, which are essential for estimating water storage variations, are only available for a limited number of reservoirs. Another possibility is to combine satellite monitoring of the water mirror with data from the Digital Terrain Model (DEM). In this research, we suggest using global DEM to estimate the slope of a reference alluvial inflow cone entering a reservoir, such as a riverbed. Satellite monitoring of the water mirror creates a set of coastlines at different reservoir fills. The spatial location of coastlines on a reference alluvial cone with a known slope allows altimetric linking of water mirrors. The resulting set of altimetrically referred water mirrors gives the possibility to reconstruct the reservoir 3D bed characteristics. The 3D model of the reservoir bed is constructed as a set of layers. Each layer is a truncated pyramid. Pyramid bases are the neighboring altimetric reference water mirrors. The Kapshagay reservoir (Northwest China) on the River Tekes which is the main tributary of the cross-border (Kazakhstan-China) River Ili was considered as an example. Landsat-5,7,8 (resolution 30 m) data for the period 2007–2018 were used to monitor the water mirror area of the Kapshagay reservoir, which varies from 22 to 59 km2. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was used as DEM. The nine-layer 3D model of the reservoir bed was created. The operation volume of the reservoir is estimated at 1,37 ± 0,08 km3, which is close to the official 1,4 km3. The empirical equation of the relationship between the mirror area and the water storage in the operating part of the reservoir, received as a result of 3D model calculations, is the basis for operational hydrological monitoring of objects that do not have access to ground data. a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097216059&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

11

Climatic change in southern Kazakhstan since 1850 C.E. inferred from tree rings

Zhang R.,

Qin L.,

Shang H.,

Yu S.,

Gou X.,

Mambetov B.T.,

Bolatov K.,

Zheng W.,

Ainur U.,

Bolatova A.

2020

International Journal of Biometeorology

Although global warming is an indisputable fact, there is still uncertainty about how climate change will occur at regional levels. Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world. To best manage this country’s limited water resources, socio-economic development and environmental protection, a solid understanding of regional climate change impacts is needed. In this study, tree-ring width and δ13C chronologies were established based on 99 tree-ring samples of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) collected in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Climate response analysis between the tree-ring chronologies and climate data indicates that summer mean temperature is the strongest climate signal recorded by tree-ring δ13C. We reconstructed temperature change in southern Kazakhstan since 1850 C.E. using the tree-ring δ13Ccorr chronology. The results show that the temperatures in southern Kazakhstan have risen at a rate of about 0.27 °C per decade over the past 166 years. However, the rate has increased by as much as 0.44 °C per decade over the past 30 years. Analyses of temperature and precipitation data show that the climate has alternated between warm-dry and cold-humid periods over the past 166 years. The extreme droughts of 1879, 1917 and 1945 were caused by the combination of continuously high temperatures and reduced precipitation

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079392205&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

12

Features of the sediment runoff regime downstream the ile river

Duskayev K.a,

Myrzakhmetov A.,

Zhanabayeva Z.,

Klein I.

2020

Journal of Ecological Engineering

This paper is devoted to study on the sediment runoff of the Ile River downstream. The article analyses the Kapshagai reservoir impact on the regime and characteristics of the sediment runoff in the Ile River downstream before and after construction of the reservoir in 1970. Along with the calculation of characteristics of sediment runoff, an assessment of the amount of the suspended sediment, which is in the bowl of the reservoir, was shown. Furthermore, the impact reservoir on the granulometric composition of the suspended and bed sediment of Ile River was calculated. © 2020 Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE).

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081259313&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

13

Water economy balance of the Almaty City

Chigrinets A.G.,

Mazur L.P.,

Duskayev K.K.,

Chigrinets L.Y.,

Akhmetova S.T.

2019

Journal of Ecological Engineering

This article provides and analyses the detailed water balances of the Almaty city in regards to the water resources, the share of which for different water bodies is 50%, 75% or 95% at the present level of surface and groundwater use. We have quantitatively assessed such surface water resources for specific water bodies and for the whole city. We have analysed the field studies of channel water balances of small rivers conducted in 2006, 2007 and 2013 (Almaty city) to identify the areas of abstraction losses and groundwater outcrop in riverbeds. The water balance analysis shows that Almaty city suffers from significant deficits in water resources. On the basis of the population growth dynamics, we assume that it will only increase. We have clarified the methods for calculating hydro-meteorological characteristics and gained the updated information about the stream flows in a number of control sections and the channel water balances of the Karasu. © 2019, Journal of Ecological Engineering.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064914943&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

14

Estimation of annual average soil loss using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated in a Geographical Information System (GIS) of the Esil River basin (ERB), Kazakhstan

Mukanov Y.

Chen Y.,

Baisholanov S.,

Amanambu A.C., Issanova G.

Abenova A.,

Fang G.,

Abayev N.

2019

Acta Geophysica

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has enormous potential for integrating remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies for producing accurate and inexpensive assessments of soil erosion. In this study, the RUSLE method was applied to the Esil (Ishim) River basin (ERB), which is situated in Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The northern part of the ERB extends through the Tyumen and Omsk regions of the Russian Federation to the confluence of the Irtysh River. This article may be of interest to experts and specialists in the field of agriculture, as the findings can assist agricultural producers and government entities in making decisions that prevent soil degradation and promote optimal cropping systems for land and crop cultivation. The objective of this research is to detect, estimate and map areas of land plots most vulnerable to potential soil erosion within the ERB, using the RUSLE model under Arc GIS 10.2. The results reveal that average annual soil loss during the study period ranges from 0 to 32 (t y−1) and that 108,007.5 km2 (48%) of the ERB has no erosion. The remainder of the basin is prone to soil erosion ranging from 1 to 32 t ha−1 y−1, which comprises 117,216.9 km2 (52%), and total soil erosion is 565,368.7 (t y−1). Soil erosion in the ERB is relatively moderate due to low hill steepness and low annual precipitation (198–397 mm). Exceptions occur in plots which feature high slope length steepness, which are scattered throughout the region. © 2019, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences & Polish Academy of Sciences.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065400829&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

15

Temporal dynamics of ground-level ozone and its impact on morbidity in Almaty city in comparison with Astana city, Kazakhstan

Nyssanbayeva, A.S., Cherednichenko, A.V., Cherednichenko, A.V., Cherednichenko, V.S. Fdez-Arroyabe Pablo

2019

International Journal of Biometeorology

Respiratory diseases are nowadays much related to environmental factors such as air pollution. In this sense, it is considered that the annual and the daily courses of ground-level ozone concentrations affect the respiratory systems. A study of ground-level ozone concentration (GO) in the city of Almaty is developed attending to the general content of ozone in the atmosphere as one of sources of ground ozone. The study analyzed the annual and daily course of total ground-level ozone in Almaty. It is shown that the dynamics of its concentrations depends on many factors such as large-scale circulation in the Central Asian region, solar radiation, local mountain valley circulation, and the time of year. Geographic location, motor vehicles traffic intensity, and some specific synoptic conditions can also dramatically affect the daily course of ground-level ozone, promoting formation of two maximum concentration peaks, and one deep minimum concentration between them. The main maximum was fixated at 1:0 p.m., the secondary one at 1:0 a.m. The main minimum was not stable throughout the year. It was fixated at 7:0 p.m. in cold seasons and at 7:0 a.m. in warm seasons. The mean concentration of ground-level ozone from February to November was higher than average permitted concentrations..

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068819953&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

16

Bioclimatic conditions of the winter months in Western Kazakhstan and their dynamics in relation to climate change

Nyssanbayeva A.S., Cherednichenko A.V., Cherednichenko V.S., Abayev N.N., Madibekov A.S.

2019

International Journal of Biometeorology

The territory of West Kazakhstan is an intensively developing region. The main oil and gas fields are concentrated there. In addition, this region is well-known as a region of nomad cattle breeding. Both of industry and agriculture demand a lot of employees, working in the open air in wintertime. Severe winter conditions, primary very low temperatures, and strong winds characterize the region. In this work, we calculated and analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of effective temperatures in the region and their dynamics due to the global warming in the last decades. To calculate the equivalent temperature (WCET) was used the method of OFCM 2003. Nowadays, it is known as a common method for similar studies. It was shown that in the observed region, WCET is significantly lower than the ambient temperature. Repeatability of WCET, corresponding to «increasing risk», «high risk» is high in the main part of the region. Global warming in the region results in returning extremely high temperatures of the air, decreasing repeatability of the average gradation of WCET approximately on 4%, but there is no any visible changing repeatability of extreme WCET. Obtained results can be used for planning any construction work in the open air and agriculture branches.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045070771&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

17

Effects of harvest time on the aroma of white wines made from cold-hardy brianna and frontenacgris grapes using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry

Tursumbayeva, M., Koziel, J.A., Maurer, D.L.,

Kenessov, B., Rice, S.

2019

Foods

The Midwest wine industry has shown a marked increase in growers, hectares planted, wineries, and wine production. This growth coincides with the release of cold-hardy cultivars such as Brianna and Frontenac gris, in 2001 and 2003, respectively. These white grape varieties account for one-third of the total area grown in the state of Iowa. It is generally accepted that the wine aroma profile plays a crucial role in developing a local, sustainable brand. However, the identity of Brianna/Frontenac Gris-based wine aromas and their link to the grape berry chemistry at harvest is unknown. This study aims to preliminarily characterize key odor-active compounds that can influence the aroma profile in wines made from Brianna and Frontenac gris grapes harvested at different stages of ripening. Brianna and Frontenac gris grapes were harvested approximately 7 days apart, starting at 15.4 ◦ Brix (3.09 pH) and 19.5 ◦ Brix (3.00 pH), respectively. Small batch fermentations were made for each time point with all juices adjusted to the same ◦ Brix prior to fermentation. Odor-active compounds were extracted from wine headspace using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and simultaneous olfactometry (O). Over 30 odor-active compounds were detected. Aromas in Brianna wines developed from “cotton candy” and “floral”, to “banana” and “butterscotch”, then finally to “honey”, “caramel” and an unknown neutral aroma. Frontenac gris wines changed from an unknown neutral aroma to “fruity” and “rose”. Results from the lay audiences' flavor and aroma descriptors also indicate a shift with harvest date and associated ◦ Brix. To date, this is the first report of wine aromas from Brianna and Frontenac gris by GC-MS-O. Findings from this research support the hypothesis that aroma profiles of Brianna and Frontenac gris wines can be influenced by harvesting the grapes at different stages of ripening.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061053412&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

18

Development of Time-Weighted Average Sampling of Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds in Air with Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Housed inside a GC Glass Liner: Proof of concept

Tursumbayeva M., Koziel J.A.,

Maurer D.L.

Kenessov B.,

Rice S.

2019

Molecules

Finding farm-proven, robust sampling technologies for measurement of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and evaluating the mitigation of nuisance emissions continues to be a challenge. The objective of this research was to develop a new method for quantification of odorous VOCs in air using time-weighted average (TWA) sampling. The main goal was to transform a fragile lab-based technology (i.e., solid-phase microextraction, SPME) into a rugged sampler that can be deployed for longer periods in remote locations. The developed method addresses the need to improve conventional TWA SPME that suffers from the influence of the metallic SPME needle on the sampling process. We eliminated exposure to metallic parts and replaced them with a glass tube to facilitate diffusion from odorous air onto an exposed SPME fiber. A standard gas chromatography (GC) liner recommended for SPME injections was adopted for this purpose. Acetic acid, a common odorous VOC, was selected as a model compound to prove the concept. GC with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for air analysis. An SPME fiber exposed inside a glass liner followed the Fick’s law of diffusion model. There was a linear relationship between extraction time and mass extracted up to 12 h (R2 > 0.99) and the inverse of retraction depth (1/Z) (R2 > 0.99). The amount of VOC adsorbed via the TWA SPME using a GC glass liner to protect the SPME was reproducible. The limit of detection (LOD, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3) and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 5) were 10 and 18 µg·m−3 (4.3 and 7.2 ppbV), respectively. There was no apparent difference relative to glass liner conditioning, offering a practical simplification for use in the field. The new method related well to field conditions when comparing it to the conventional method based on sorbent tubes. This research shows that an SPME fiber exposed inside a glass liner can be a promising, practical, simple approach for field applications to quantify odorous VOCs.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060517059&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f’

19

A tree ring-based record of annual mass balance changes for the TS.Tuyuksuyskiy Glacier and its linkages to climate change in the Tianshan Mountains

Zhang, R., Wei, W., Shang, H.a, Yu, S., Gou, X., Qin, L., Bolatov, K., Mambetov, B.T.

2019

Quaternary Science Reviews

Fluctuations in glacier mass and volume are indicative of changes in the climate system. They also strongly affect regional climate and hydrology. In this paper, we explore possible relationships between the radial growth of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey) and the mass balance of the Tsentralniy Tuyuksuyskiy (TS. Tuyuksuyskiy) Glacier, which is located on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in arid central Asia. We attempt to reconstruct the historical mass balance variability of the TS. Tuyuksuyskiy glacier using tree-ring widths and stable carbon isotope chronologies. The reconstruction is able to explain 62.1% of the variance in the annual glacier mass balance record over the 1965–2014 calibration period. We also analyzed centennial mass balance variability and its linkages to climate change. The TS.Tuyuksuyskiy glacier has a negative annual mass balance in most years and, since 1968, has undergone the most rapid and longest melting process in the past 166 years. The mass balance change of the glacier is controlled by the combination of temperature and precipitation conditions. This study could be useful for more detailed glaciological, hydrological, and climatological assessments in this portion of the Tianshan Mountains.

This article provides and analyses the detailed water balances of the Almaty city in regards to the water resources, the share of which for different water bodies is 50%, 75% or 95% at the present level of surface and groundwater use. We have quantitatively assessed such surface water resources for specific water bodies and for the whole city. We have analysed the field studies of channel water balances of small rivers conducted in 2006, 2007 and 2013 (Almaty city) to identify the areas of abstraction losses and groundwater outcrop in riverbeds. The water balance analysis shows that Almaty city suffers from significant deficits in water resources. On the basis of the population growth dynamics, we assume that it will only increase. We have clarified the methods for calculating hydro-meteorological characteristics and gained the updated information about the stream flows in a number of control sections and the channel water balances of the Karasu.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058190433&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

20

Assessment of Changes in the Maximum Flow of Kazakhstan Plain Rivers

Arystambekova D. Arystambekova D.,Jussupbekov D.a,Skakova A.b,Kujibayeva G.c,Mamirova K.d

2019

Journal of Ecological Engineering

This paper presents an assessment of changes in maximum flow values (maximum discharge, m3/s) of the spring flood caused by human activities on the rivers Zhayyk, Ilek and Tobyl. Statistical characteristics of the maximum discharge of the spring flood of these rivers for the period of 1940-2012, 1938-2012, before and after the construction of the reservoirs, as well as for the long-term period of supervision were analyzed based on the actual as well as restored data. The values of the maximum discharge of the spring flood of various provisions were calculated. The total integrated curves of the maximum discharge of the spring flood were constructed. © 2019, Journal of Ecological Engineering.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064914627&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

21

The impact of international sanctions on national economic regime of target states

Bimbetova B.,

Tyurina Y.,

Troyanskaya M.,

Ermakova E.,

Orynbassarova A.,

Skakova A.,

Koptayeva G.,

Agabekova G.

2019

Academy of Strategic Management Journal

Nowadays, sanction seems to be as an important tool of international policy to keep security and provide collective reaction to violations of peace and international order in diplomatic non-military manner. Recently, international sanctions were imposed against Russia by the European Union and the United States because a change the status of the Crimea and destabilisation of the situation in the southeast part of Ukraine. However, there have been debates on whatever are international sanctions effective or not. In particular, can sanctions change Russia's political behaviour and achieve political objectives in Ukrainian crisis. This paper aims to use Russia as a case study and examine the impact of sanctions employed by the EU and U.S against Russia on national economy regime.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073115802&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

22

The role of international conventions and covenants in achieving economic and environmental justice: A conceptual review

Sabyr A.,

Rustemova G.,

Koshkinbayeva A.,

Bitemirov K.,

Bizhanova A.,

Medetov A.,

Skakova A.,

Kussainova L.

2019

Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues

This paper deals with the issue of effectiveness conventions and covenants as well as global goals that aim to achieve justice at international and national levels. The first part begins with a theoretical review of literature on how justice is defined by different scholars. The second parts present information and provide analysis regarding adopted international conventions, covenants, MDGs and SDGs goals that aim to promote the principles of justice. The analysis of effectiveness is based on to what extent countries actually meet and achieve their international commitments declared in United Nation conventions, covenants, and Millennium and Sustainable Development Programmes. © 2019 Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067251952&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

23

Spatial and temporal variabilities of maximum snow depth in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan

Moldakhmetov, M., Makhmudova, L, Zhanabayeva, Z., Kumeiko, A.,

Hamidi, M.,

Sagin, J.

2019

Arabian Journal of Geosciences

This article examined the dynamics of maximum snow cover in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan for the period from 1935 to 2012. Certain number of data from weather stations was collected for both regions (Northern and Central Kazakhstan) of the country in order to observe the spatial and temporal changes in glaciers. Mann-Kendall test along with sequential version of MK test and simple linear regression was used in the analysis. The analysis revealed regularities of the changes in maximum snow depth over spatial and temporal scales. Cumulative sum uncovered a change in trend, which indicated the data of global warming possibly affected the glacier. Periodicities in glacier changes were weakly related to the weather patterns like North Atlantic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations. Obtained results, regularities, and inferences can be used in further studies of snow cover and water flow of the rivers, as well as for practical purposes. Recent changes in climate and hydrological flow of the observed catchment became evident for contemporary glaciations evolving hydrological implications of the cryosphere alterations in the study area. Findings of the study are useful in examining the differences in water availability on spatial and temporal scales due to limited availability of the glaciers in the region. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067368027&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

24

Changes in the mountain river discharge in the northern Tien Shan since the mid-20th Century: Results from the analysis of a homogeneous daily streamflow data set from seven catchments

M.Shahgedanova,M.

Afzal, I.

Severskiy, Z.Usmanova, Z.Saidaliyeva, V.Kapitsa,

N.Kasatkin,

S.Dolgikh

2018

Journal of Hydrology

This study is an assessment of the changes in seasonal and monthly flow in seven catchments draining the northern Tien Shan Mountains in Central Asia over a period from the 1950s to the present day. The purpose is to provide a first assessment of the flow response to climate change in regionally important catchments given their contribution to the water resource. The results were related to trends in seasonal temperature and precipitation from the regional high-elevation meteorological stations and glacier mass balance, equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and accumulation area ratio (AAR) records from the Tuyuksu glacier. The results show no reduction in streamflow in any catchment or season in the northern Tien Shan since the 1950s. Positive trends in all flow indicators, including peak-over-threshold frequency, were observed in catchments with higher glacierization of over 10% and extensive presence of rock glaciers and permafrost indicating increased melt over the period which is characterised by a long-term increase in temperature. These trends were most evident in autumn and winter. In catchments with low glacierization, variability in summer flow was controlled primarily by precipitation of the preceding cold season. The observed changes in streamflow do not suggest any immediate problems with water availability in the northern Tien Shan. On the contrary, increased autumn and winter flows point at a more prolonged recharge of reservoirs and aquifers though eventually this water source will be exhausted.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051114821&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

25

Tree-ring-based precipitation reconstruction in southern Kazakhstan, reveals drought variability since A.D. 1770

Zhang, R., Shang, H., Yu, S., ...Bolatov, K., Mambetov, B.T.

2017

International Journal of Climatology,

In this article, we developed a tree-ring-width chronology of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. Et Mey) in southern Kazakhstan. Climate-growth response result showed that the precipitation from the previous June to current May was the principal limited factor of radial growth. We also obtained a 246-year reconstruction of June–May precipitation in southern Kazakhstan. In addition, the precipitation over the past 246 years in southern Kazakhstan has experienced six wetter periods and seven drier ones, and the extreme drought years were 1837, 1879, 1917 and 1945. From 1985 to 2004, precipitation has experienced longer and more rapid wetting, but the trend of precipitation has decreased in the past few years. The reconstructed series of precipitation is consistent with the historic precipitation/Palmer Drought Severity Index of the western Tianshan Mountains. We suggest the precipitation variability may be associated with large-scale oscillations in the climate system.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011382786&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f