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 1

Tools to ensure the economic security of the old industrial regions

 Gagarina, G.Y., Sorokina, N.Y., Chainikova, L.N., Sizova, D.A., Nadyrov, S.M.

 2019

 Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues

  The purpose of the work is to base the selection of adequate tools of state support for the development of old industrial regions - the territories on which the industries related to the "outgoing" technological structures are concentrated. It is shown that the complexity of the tools selection aimed at ensuring the economic security of old industrial regions is reasoned by the heterogeneity of their composition. With the application of key postulates of synergetics it is justified that the tools of state support for regional development are most effective if they are used at the bifurcation point. It is argued that the bifurcation state is characterized by an increase in threats to the sustainable functioning and development of the regional socio-economic system and a decrease in the level of economic security in the region. A system of indicators for assessing the economic security state of old industrial territories was proposed, by using of which the nature of their development was diagnosed and it was argued that the regions are instable and objectively need government support in order to reach the trajectory of sustainable socio-economic dynamics. The importance of such selection is proved and as a condition to ensure the success of the transition process carried out by the region the toolkit of differentiated state policy for the development of old industrial regions is proposed. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073223683&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

 2

Sustainable development agriculture in the republic of Kazakhstan

Tokbergenova, A., Kiyassova, L., Kairova, S.

2018 

Journal of Environmental Studies

 The article deals with the problems of sustainable development of agricultural sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan; the analysis of the development of the agro-industrial complex; the problems of ensuring the sustainability of agriculture are emphasized and analyzed. Agriculture has historically been the backbone of Kazakhstan's economy. This is mainly due to the difference in natural and climatic conditions and the presence of vast areas of desert and semi-desert pasture land. In the modern period, the agrarian sector of the country is forced to function in the conditions of severe degradation of agricultural lands, the increase of environmental and water problems, the use of physically and morally outdated equipment and technology. Environmental problems related with agricultural activities include: depletion and degradation of soil due to past state programs, erosion, secondary salinization and flooding; lack of water; degradation of pastures caused by overgrazing and incomplete use/abandonment of more remote pastures; soil contamination with chemicals; and reduced biodiversity, for example, water biodiversity of the Aral Sea. In connection with the normative of inefficient use of agricultural land fixed in Kazakhstan, the necessity in the improvement of the mechanisms for managing the turnover of agricultural land requires the study of positive foreign practices in regulating land relations. 

 https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047925735&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

3

Integrated system for the use of solar energy in animal farm

Omarov, R., Abdygaliyeva, S., Omar, D., Kunelbayev, M.

2017

Scientia Iranica

The advent of unique technologies of the developing Solar Energy (SE), actual energy, faces economic and environmental problems. The main obstacle to the widespread use of SE is the low value of the average annual efficiency of known solar installations. In a sharply continental climate, they are exploited only in the warm season, about 6-7 months. Known combined systems, where additional conventional water heaters duplicate the operation of solar units, require additional costs for energy carriers. These disadvantages are not offered by the integrated system of SE use. In the article, the system was studied using the example of a cattle-breeding farm. The new system performs these functions; it recycles heat, organizes their movement and accumulation, and smooths out the uneven SE. The main components of the system are: Solar Power Plant (SPP), milk cooler, climate unit, Heat Pump (HP), the battery heat, automatic control system, and device heating and hot water. The main goal, i.e. lower cost of the energy produced and the elimination of the uneven SE, compared to the known SPP, is achieved through the flow of energy from the sources mentioned above. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039749463&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

4

Glacial debris flows in Zailiysky Alatau over the past 120 years [Гляциальные сели в Заилийском Алатау за последние 120 лет]

Medeu, A.P., Blagovechshenskiy, V.P., Kasatkin, N.E., Kapitsa, V.P., Kasenov, M.K., Raymbekova, Zh.T.

2020

Led i Sneg

Zailiyskiy Alatau is the most mudflow hazardous mountain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, this area is one of the most densely populated and economically developed one, so mudflows here cause the great damage. The paper presents results of our analysis of the glacial mudflow activity for the period from 1900 to 2019. Amount and total volume of glacial mudflows per year were used as indicators of the mudflow activity. 481 mudflows were recorded over 120 years of observations in the Zailiyskiy Alatau, and 24% of them were glacial mudflows. Glacial mudflows are the largest and most destructive. Of the nine mudflows with a volume of more than 1 million m³, seven were glacial mudflows. The chronicle of mudflow disasters is shown. From 1950 to 2019, 87 glacial mudflows were observed in the Zailiyskiy Alatau. Of these, 16 mudflows had volumes exceeding 100 thousand m³. The largest ones occurred in 1977 (6.0 million m³), 1963 (5.8 million m³), 1958 (4.0 million m³), and 1973 (3.8 million m³). The causes for formation of glacial mudflows are outbursts of moraine lakes or water from underground reservoirs, as well as collapses of moraines' slopes. The largest of them occur when a lake is bursting through an open channel. Since 1951, occurrence of glacial mudflows has been increasing and reached its maximum in the 1970s. Since 1978, the number of glacial mudflows has been decreasing, although their volumes remained large until the late 1990s. From 1997 to 2013, mudflow activity was low. During 11 of the 15 years, no mudflow was observed. Every year only one mudflow happened with a volume below 10 thousand m³. Since 2014, there has been a tendency for an increase in mudflow activity. Large glacial mudflows were recorded in 2014 and 2019. To protect against mudflows in the valleys of the Zailiysky Alatau, 14 dams have been built and two more are planned. To prevent outbursts of moraine lakes, they are emptied using pumps and siphons. In 2019, the network of automated monitoring of early warning about mudflows is being organized, which will cover all the valleys of the Northern slope of the Zailiysky Alatau.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091647636&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

5

Debris Flow Activity in Trans-Ili Alatau in the 20th — Early 21st Centuries

Medeu, A.R., Blagoveshchenskiy, V.P., Gulyayeva, T.S., Ranova, S.U.

2019

Geography and Natural Resources

We examine the debris flow activity in Trans-Ili Alatau since 1900 till the present. Characteristics of the debris flow formation conditions and data on the largest debris flows are presented. A study is made of the interannual and intra-annual variability of debris flow activity. The debris flow activity was characterized by the number of debris flows in a year, and by the total volume of debris transported. For the period from 1900 to 2017 we recorded 481 debris flows. It was found that the genetic types of debris flows are dominated by rain-induced and glacial flows (87 % of the total number of debris flows). The other genetic types (snow-caused, seismogenic and anthropogenic) account for 13%. Most of the debris flows have a rain genesis (71% of the total number of rain-induced and glacial debris flows). Glacial debris flows account for 79% of the volume of debris transported. The volumes of the largest debris flows, both glacial and rain-induced, exceed one million cubic meters. They make up 3% of the total number of debris flows but they transported 70 % of debris. Small debris flows with a volume of less than 10 thousand cubic meters, in terms of their number, constitute 74%; however, they account for a mere 3% of the volume of debris flow deposits. Observations indicate that the earliest debris flows occurred in the second ten-day period of March, and the latest occurred in the first ten-day period of September. The distribution of the number of debris flows according to the dates of their occurrence clearly shows two maxima: one maximum in the second ten-day period of June, and the other maximum in the second ten-day period of July. The June maximum is due to rain precipitation, and the July maximum is associated with glacial debris flows. From 1950 to 2017 there were only 5 (7%) years without any debris flows. Four of them corresponded to the 2010s. The number of years with rain-induced and glacial debris flows was 55 (81%) and 39 (57%), respectively. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081715084&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

6

Gravitational Seismodislocations in Mountainous regions of Southeastern Kazakhstan

Medeu, A.R., Blagoveshchenskii, V.P., Zhdanov, V.V.

2018

Geography and Natural Resources

Data on rock falls and landslides caused by strong earthquakes in the Zhetysu Alatau, Ile Alatau, Kungei Alatau and Teriskei Alatau mountain ranges on the territory of Southeastern Kazakhstan are presented. The study revealed more than 60 large seismogenic rock falls and landslides, the volume of 25 of them varies from 10 to 100 mil. m³, and the volume of the four largest exceeds 100 mil. m³. The volume of the largest rock fall in the valley of the Ulken Almaty river in the Ile Alatau mountain range is estimated at 380 mil. m³. The highest density of seismogenic landslides was recorded in the low-mountain zone of the northern slope of the Ile Alatau range where the magnitude 9 earthquake of 1887 caused a massive formation of landslides with the volume totaling more than 400 mil. m³ and a density of 1/5 km². The proportion of landslide-affected areas is estimated at 5% of the area of their occurrence. In the mid- and high-mountain zones of Zhetysu, Ile and Kungei Alatau, the density of seismogenic rock falls varies from 1/100 to 1/50 km², and the proportion of rock fall-affected areas varies from 1 to 1.5%. It is found that seismogenic rock falls have dammed 26 lakes, and the volume of nine such lakes exceeds 10 mil. m³. The largest rock fall-affected lakes is Upper Zhasylkol in the valley of the Aganakty river in Zhetysu Alatau with the volume of 44 mil. m³. Data from earthquake catalog were used to compile the map for the recurrence frequency of earthquakes of magnitude higher than 6, capable of causing seismogenic rock falls and landslides. It is found that during the last 130 years, in Ile and Kungei Alatau such earthquakes recurred four times. It is established that earthquakes with maximum magnitude 9 are possible in the mountainous regions of Southeastern Kazakhstan. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045381623&doi=10.1134%2fS1875372818010110&origin=inward&txGid=6a76a097ef0f291508d85dd3a999373d

7

Assessment of evolution and risks of glacier lake outbursts in the Djungarskiy Alatau, Central Asia, using Landsat imagery and glacier bed topography modelling

Kapitsa, V., Shahgedanova, M., MacHguth, H., Severskiy, I., Medeu, A.

2017

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences

Changes in the abundance and area of mountain lakes in the Djungarskiy (Jetysu) Alatau between 2002 and 2014 were investigated using Landsat imagery. The number of lakes increased by 6.2ĝ€% from 599 to 636 with a growth rate of 0.51ĝ€%ĝ€aĝ'1. The combined areas were 16.26ĝ€±ĝ€0.85 to 17.35ĝ€±ĝ€0.92ĝ€km2 respectively and the overall change was within the uncertainty of measurements. Fifty lakes, whose potential outburst can damage existing infrastructure, were identified. The glacier bed topography version 2 (GlabTop2) model was applied to simulate ice thickness and subglacial topography using glacier outlines for 2000 and SRTM DEM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model) as input data achieving realistic patterns of ice thickness. A total of 513 overdeepenings in the modelled glacier beds, presenting potential sites for the development of lakes, were identified with a combined area of 14.7ĝ€km2. Morphometric parameters of the modelled overdeepenings were close to those of the existing lakes. A comparison of locations of the overdeepenings and newly formed lakes in the areas de-glacierized in 2000-2014 showed that 67ĝ€% of the lakes developed at the sites of the overdeepenings. The rates of increase in areas of new lakes correlated with areas of modelled overdeepenings. Locations where hazardous lakes may develop in the future were identified. The GlabTop2 approach is shown to be a useful tool in hazard management providing data on the potential evolution of future lakes. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032259242&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

8

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ameliorate the chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil in reclaimed mining subsidence in northwestern China

Qiu, L., Bi, Y., Jiang, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhakypbek, Y.

2019

Journal of Arid Land

In semi-arid region of northwestern China, underground mining subsidence often results in decreased vegetation coverage, impoverishment of soil fertility and water stress. In addition, the physical-chemical and biological properties of soil also change, resulting in more susceptible to degradation. In particular, subsidence causes disturbance of the symbioses of plant and microbe that can play a beneficial role in the establishment of vegetation communities in degraded ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of revegetation with exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on the chemical and biological properties of soil over time in mining subsidence areas. Soils were sampled at a depth up to 30 cm in the adjacent rhizosphere of Amorpha fruticose Linn. from five reclaimed vegetation communities in northwestern China. In August 2015, a field trial was set up with five historical revegetation experiments established in 2008 (7-year), 2011 (4-year), 2012 (3-year), 2013 (2-year) and 2014 (1-year), respectively. Each reclamation experiment included two treatments, i.e., revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum (AMF) and non-AMF inoculum (the control). Root mycorrhizal colonization, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrients, and enzyme activities were also assessed. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization of inoculated plants increased by 33.3%–163.0% compared to that of non-inoculated plants (P<0.05). Revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum also significantly improved total GRSR (T-GRSP) and easily extracted GRSP (EE-GRSP) concentrations compared to control, besides the T-GRSP in 1-year experiment and the EE-GRSP in 2-year experiment. A significant increase in SOC content was only observed in 7-year AMF reclaimed soils compared to non-AMF reclaimed soils. Soil total N (TN), Olsen phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) were significantly higher in inoculated soil after 1–7 years of reclamation (except for individual cases), and increased with reclamation time (besides soil Olsen P). The exotic AMF inoculum markedly increased the average soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase by 23.8%, 21.3%, 18.8% and 8.6%, respectively (P<0.05), compared with the control. Root mycorrhizal colonization was positively correlated with soil parameters (SOC, TN and soil available K) and soil enzyme activities (soil invertase, catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) in both AMF and non-AMF reclaimed soils (P<0.05), excluding available K in non-AMF reclaimed soils. T-GRSP (P<0.05) and EE-GRSP (P<0.05) were significantly correlated with the majority of edaphic factors, except for soil Olsen P. The positive correlation between root mycorrhizal colonization and available K was observed in AMF reclaimed soils, indicating that the AMF reclaimed soil with a high root mycorrhizal colonization could potentially accumulate available K in soils. Our findings concluded that revegetation with exotic AMF inoculum influenced soil nutrient availability and enzyme activities in the semi-arid ecosystem, suggesting that inoculating AMF can be an effective method to improve soil fertility and support restoration of vegetation communities under poor conditions like soil nutrient deficiency and drought.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061507657&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

9

Application features of the surface laser scanning technology when solving the main tasks of surveying support for reclamation

Rysbekov, K., Huayang, D., Kalybekov, T., Sandybekov, M., Idrissov, K., Zhakypbek, Y., Bakhmagambetova, G.

2019

Mining of Mineral Deposits

Purpose. Study of the effectiveness of topographical survey methods when solving the main tasks of surveying support for the disturbed lands reclamation. Methods. Comparative analysis of the topographical survey results, which was conducted with the use of electronic total station and a surface laser scanner during reclamation. The heap leaching dump at the Belaya Gorka Site of the Rodnikovoye Field has been chosen as an object for topographical survey. To compare adequately, the electronic total station and the laser scanner were chosen of the same accuracy class. The determination of the values accuracy of the area and volume of an object during a tacheometric survey depends on the discreteness of surveying pickets. In practice, the density of the pickets’ arrangement is limited by the working capacity of the surveying crew, which, as a rule, is several hundred pickets per day, and the density is two or three survey points per 100 m2 of the object. To determine the dependence of measurement accuracy on the pickets’ density during the tacheometric survey, it was carried out at four different scales, with the distance between the pickets from 5 to 25 meters. The density of points (pickets) of a surface laser scanner, which was used in the studies, is 500 points per 100 m2 of survey area. Findings. Based on the results of the tacheometric survey and surface laser scanning of the heap leaching dump, two variants of the topographic maps of the surface and its smoothed digital model have been obtained. Detailed surface laser scanning at an increased level in comparison with a tacheometric survey improves the topographic map accuracy. Improved accuracy when determining the volume on a survey scale of 1:500 - 1:2000 is 12%. Originality. A new concept for topographical surveying is proposed when solving the surveying problems of reclaiming the disturbed lands, based on the methods of surface laser scanning. Practical implications. Use of the surface laser scanning technology makes possible to obtain the prompt threedimensional visualization of the surveyed area, to ensure high accuracy and degree of detailed survey, to increase the working capacity and field surveying conditions, to solve the main tasks of surveying support of the disturbed lands reclamation in the shortest possible time and with the required surveying quality.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073440163&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

10

Combination of plastic film mulching and AMF inoculation promotes maize growth, yield and water use efficiency in the semiarid region of Northwest China

Bi, Y., Qiu, L., Zhakypbek, Y., Jiang, B., Cai, Y., Sun, H.

2018

Agricultural Water Management

Plastic film mulching (PFM) plays a critical role in improving crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystem in semiarid agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form a mutualistic symbiosis with the vast majority of plant roots and have been shown to contribute to host growth in harsh conditions. Yet, whether the integrated application of PFM and AMF inoculation have an interactive effect on crop growth and production in semiarid regions with poor soil nutrients and water shortage has received rather less attention. Therefore, we performed a two-year field study to investigate the effects of PFM and AMF inoculation on spring maize growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Four treatments, including non-mulching and non-AMF inoculation (CK), plastic film mulching (PFM), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (AMF) and combination of plastic film mulching and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (PAMF), were compared in 2014 and 2015 at Shenmu Country on the semiarid Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Our results indicated that AMF inoculation contributed to increased plant biomass and height, although its effectiveness was lower than PFM alone or combined practice. Compared with the non-mulched control (CK), the mulched treatments significantly increased the average soil water content by 43.2% at the depth of 0–60 cm in 2014 and by 30.3% at the depth of 0–30 cm in 2015. The combination of PFM and AMF inoculation had the greatest soil water content at different soil depths in both years. AMF inoculation significantly improved root mycorrhizal colonization and external hyphal length in both years. Meanwhile, mycorrhizal plants under PFM had significantly greater root tip number and surface area when compared with the control. PAMF treatment had the highest yield and WUE among all treatments. Compared with the CK, PAMF treatment increased the yield and WUE by55.6% and 43.1% in 2014 and by 39.3% and 45.6% in 2015, respectively. Moreover, the mycorrhizal dependency of maize yield was more notable in mycorrhizal plants grown in mulched soils than in bare soils. In conclusion, the combined application of PFM and AMF inoculation is an effective and favorable agricultural practice in nutrition-deficiency soil in semiarid regions of China because of improved root morphological traits and enhanced topsoil water content that increase crop productivity.

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040509848&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

11

Grain size composition of broken rocks under different conditions of blasting

Rakishev, B.R., Orynbay, A.A., Auezova, A.M., Kuttybaev, A.E.

2019

Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin

The article describes the improved analytical method of determining grain size composition of broken rocks under blasting. The method takes into account dimension of heavy fragmentation zones around blastholes and content of natural joints in rock mass. The radii of heavy fragmentation zones are calculated using the preset physico-mechanical properties of rocks and physicochemical characteristics of explosives. Grain size compositions of natural joints are calculated using the average size of joints in rock mass. The grain size composition of broken rocks is largely influenced by the wave reflected from free surfaces in rocks and by swelling effect of explosion. The swelling effect of blasting is included in the value of the extra fragmentation coefficient. By means of integration of these influencing factors, the analytical method is developed for the first time to determine every size grade in blasted rock. The software program is designed for automatic determination of grain size composition of blasted rocks by associating influences of physico-mechanical properties of rocks, physicochemical characteristics of explosives and blast design parameters. Using this program, grain size compositions of blasted rocks were calculated at different parameters of blast designs applied in open pit mines in Kazakhstan. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental data showed their high-level identity. This result proves that the proposed theoretical approach to determination of grain size composition of broken rocks takes into account actual mechanism of explosive fracture of real rock mass. Scientific literature contains no information on such calculation methods of grain size composition of broken rocks. © 2019, Publishing house Mining book. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071309536&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

12

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

Bissenbayeva, S., Abuduwaili, J., Saparova, A., Ahmed, T.

.

2021

Journal of Arid Land

In this study, we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff. The Syr Darya River, which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream, is an important freshwater source for Central Asia, as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area. River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Therefore, estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management. The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods, including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests. It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runoff. Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960. Moreover, during the study period (1930–2015), annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially. We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7% of the reduction in river runoff, mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose. The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098560477&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

13

Assessment of the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff using climate elasticity method and general circulation model (GCM) in the buqtyrma River Basin, Kazakhstan

Rakhimova, M., Liu, T., Bissenbayeva, S., Mukanov, Y., Gafforov, K.S., Bekpergenova, Z., Gulakhmadov, A.

2020

Sustainability (Switzerland),

The variations of climate and water resources in the Buqtyrma River Basin (BRB), which is located at the cross-section of the Altai Mountains, Eurasian Steppe and Tian Shan Mountains, have a great significance for agriculture and ecosystems in the region. Changing climatic conditions will change the hydrological cycle in the whole basin. In this study, we examined the historical trends and change points of the climate and hydrological variables, the contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff changes, and the relative changes in the runoff to the precipitation and potential evapotranspiration from 1950 to 2015 by using the Mann-Kendall trend test, Pettitt test, double cumulative curve and elasticities methods. In addition, a multi-model ensemble (MME) of the six general circulation models (GCMs) for two future periods (2036-2065 and 2071-2100) was assessed to estimate the spatio-temporal variations in precipitation and temperature under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) scenarios. Our study detected that the runoff change-point occurred in 1982. The impacts induced by climate change on runoff change were as follows-70% in the upstream, 62.11% in the midstream and 15.34% in the downstream area. The impacts of human activity on runoff change were greater in the downstream area (84.66%) than in the upstream and midstream areas. A continuously increasing trend was indicated regarding average annual temperature under RCP 4.5 (from 0.37 to 0.33 ffiC/decade) and under RCP 8.5 (from 0.50 to 0.61 °C/decade) during two future periods. Additionally, an increasing trend in predicted precipitation was exhibited under RCP 4.5 (13.6% and 19.9%) and under RCP 8.5 (10.5% and 18.1%) during both future periods. The results of the relative runoff changes to the predicted precipitation and potential evapotranspiration were expected to increase during two future time periods under RCP 4.5 (18.53% and 25.40%) and under RCP 8.5 (8.91% and 13.38%) relative to the base period. The present work can provide a reference for the utilization and management of regional water resources and for ecological environment protection. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086922093&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

14

Water balance of the Small Aral Sea

Massakbayeva, A., Abuduwaili, J., Bissenbayeva, S., Issina, B., Smanov, Z.

2020

Environmental Earth Sciences

Water balance is considered as an important tool to assess the amount of water and its availability in a region. The Small Aral Sea is a salt lake in the territory of the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan, the Northern part of the shrinking Aral Sea, receiving water from the Syr Darya, as a result of lowering of the water horizon of the Aral Sea and with the onset of 40–40.2 m in 1987, when the Berg Strait was formed. In this study, water balance assessment in the Small Aral Sea has been done from 1987 to 2014. The water balance of the Small Aral Sea during the observation period is mainly determined by river runoff, precipitation and evaporation. The general tendency of precipitation decreased slightly, while the general tendency for evaporation increase is high. The annual inflow of the river into the Small Aral Sea increased from 1 km³ in 1987 to 5 km³ in 2014 while its water balance increased from − 1.4 to 2.44 km³. As the result, the water volume of the Small Aral Sea increased by 6% and the water surface area by 4% during the analyzed period. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078431422&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

15

Prospects for the development of health tourism on Lake Ray in the Almaty region of the republic of Kazakhstan

Tokpanov, Y., Atasoy, E., Mendybayev, E., Abdimanapov, B., Andasbayev, Y., Mukhitdinova, R., Inkarova, Z.

2021

Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites

Lake Ray is a unique natural object of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is located in the Balkhash depression of the Almaty region. The waters of the lake are characterized by a peculiar hydrochemical and mineral composition, which can be used for various types of health tourism and recreation. The study aimed to show scientifically substantiated therapeutic and health-improving attractiveness of the territory of lake basins, to attract investment in the development of tourism. This study presents the physicochemical and spectral analysis of water and therapeutic mud. Organoleptic characteristics (color, odor, consistency, structure) and sanitary and microbiological indicators of the declared sample of mud, physical and chemical indicators of the declared sample of water have been determined. The results indicated that the physicochemical composition of water and brine met the regulatory sanitary and epidemiological requirements and could be used in stationary medical institutions and physiotherapy. Lake Ray in the Republic of Kazakhstan has a unique variety of hydromineral recreational resources. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116223613&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

16

Students’ Views on the Use of Technology in Geography Course

Nurbol, U., Kairat, Z., Bakhadurkhan, A., Marat, M., Kenjekey, T., Ussenova, M.

2020

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning

Use of technology in education enables students to be motivated and eager to participate in the lesson and is also a more effective tool in increasing motivation, encouraging students to the lesson and understanding the subject. The aim of this study is to determine the views of secondary school students on the use of technology in geography lessons. Qualitative research method was used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 32 students who took geography lessons in Kazakhstan during the 2018-2019 academic year. The semi-structured interview form developed within the scope of this research was used as a data collection tool. Results of the study showed that secondary school students found technology effective and funny to use in geography lessons. Projections, computers, tablets and smart phones were specified by the students as useful technological tools for teaching geography. Results of the study were discussed with relevant literature and important implications for further research and practices were presented. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099975964&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f

17

Geography of natural and recreational facilities in the development of economic integration of the border areas of northern Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation

Sansyzbayeva, A., Saipov, A., Dunets, A., Mussagaliyeva, A., Ramazan, A.

2021

Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites

This study presents the natural and recreational prerequisites for the formation and development of the cross-border tourism industry in the Kazakh-Russian border region in the context of modern integration processes. The purpose of the research is to identify the main natural and recreational resources in the border regions of Northern Kazakhstan, among which the border regions are Kostanay, Pavlodar and North Kazakhstan regions, and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation bordering on them. The scientific significance of the article is determined by the fact that it analyzes the natural and recreational resources of 10 regions of the Kazakh-Russian borderland as a basis for the formation and development of joint tourist destinations. The main research method is a spatial analysis of the location of natural and recreational resources of border areas using modern software, as a result of which maps of natural and recreational resources in the study area were compiled. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the Pavlodar and North Kazakhstan regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Altai Krai, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions of the Russian Federation have the greatest potential for the development of cross-border tourism. 

https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108084374&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f